The Amazing Honey Bee

Here is some great information I pulled out of the Archives written by Justin O. Schmidt. Most people do not realize what incredible substances the Bees make, most people just think they make only honey, but after reading this article you will be amazed. I have been a big fan of Royal Jelly and Bee Pollen for years and I wanted to share this information with you.If I was stranded on a desert island and I could have one thing other than water, it would be Royal Jelly.

Honey bees are master chemists and chemical engineers. Their success in the
animal kingdom is largely because of the chemistry and the application of their
products: honey, beeswax, venom, propolis, pollen, and royal jelly. Three of
these products, beeswax, venom, and royal jelly, are chemically synthesized by
the bees themselves. The other three are derived from plants and are modified
and engineered by the bees for their own use. The use of these products explains
the amazing honey bee success: honey is used as a stable, reliable food source
that serves during times of shortages, enables the bees to warm their nest
during cold weather, and has allowed them to become perennial species that can
exploit virtually all habitats in the world; beeswax is used as a pliable,
stable and moisture-proof material with which to construct their nest, to store
honey safely, and to rear their brood; venom gives honey bees the advantage of a
formidable defense that is capable of stopping or deterring all but the most
determined and capable of predators; propolis is an outstandingly good caulking
for use in sealing the nest cavity and is also one of the best antimicrobial
agents known; pollen is a nutrient-rich food that, like honey, can be stored in
the hive indefinitely to serve as a reserve during times or seasons of
shortages; and royal jelly is a balanced food source that does not spoil readily
and is used to feed bee larvae. Without these unique products honey bees likely
would have evolved to be little different from their ancestors — solitary bees
in which each female bee during a brief season provisions a few cells with
pollen and nectar for the next generation.

The usefulness of honey bee products for mankind is based on the same properties that make these products useful for the bees themselves. In the case of propolis these properties extend back beyond the bees to the plants themselves which produce the original resins that bees collected to become propolis. Quite simply, honey is an excellent, stable sweetener and energy source for humans, just as it is for bees; beeswax is a malleable plastic material, that in addition to being an excellent material for molding, burns
cleanly; venom is useful because it causes pain and possesses a host of pharmacological activities; propolis is anti-microbial toward bacteria, viruses, fungi, molds, and possesses a multitude of other pharmacological activities; pollen is a phenomenally nutritious and well-balanced food that can be consumed by people and domestic animals; and royal jelly has a variety of moisturizing,
emulsifying and stabilizing properties that make it useful to people. The goal of this article is to examine the chemistry of honey bee products, to use this information to explain the application of the products, and to predict their usefulness.

1.POLLEN

Pollen as trapped by beekeepers from honey bee colonies is a product
collected from many, often dozens, of species of plants visited by the bees.
This feature enhances the nutritional balance of the pollen, but also means that
bee pollen is not a uniform product, rather it varies somewhat from sample to
sample. This variability complicates the analysis ofpollen chemistry and
requires that statements vis-a-vis pollen be given as averages or as values for
a specific species of pollen. All chemical and nutritional analyses here will be
given as means derived from large numbers of literature reports that appear
reliable. Table I is a listing of the chemical composition of pollen and a
comparison of pollen nutrient density with that established for Recommended
Daily Allowance (RDA) or Estimated Daily Intake (EDI = Estimated Safe and
Adequate Daily Dietary Intakes) for human dietary needs (1). In general,
compared to many standard human foods, pollen is rich in protein, low in fat,
and possesses a wealth of minerals and vitamins. No obvious human nutritional
deficiencies are present in pollen with the possible exceptions of vitamin B,2
and the fat soluble vitamins’D and K. In the case of B 21 the vitamin is not
usually in shortage because the body usually retains a multi-year reserve.
Shortage only occurs in cases of defective body recycling (pernicious anemia)
and is particularly needed for pregnant women who have metabolic deficiencies,
or are strict vegetarians. Vitamin D is somewhat of a misnomer, as it is not
truly a vitamin. Humans can synthesize the vitamin from 7-dehydrocholesterol if
they are exposed to sunlight. Vitamin K is a minor vitamin whose sole role is to
aid in blood clotting and which is produced naturally by intestinal bacteria.
Evidence of the digestibility of pollen is provided by Bell et al. (2) and
Schmidt et al. (3) and a testament to its overall balance is demonstrated by
mice that survived well for over a’ year on a diet containing only pollen (4).
Pollen has not been analyzed in detail for some of the trace elements such as
boron, chromium, molybdenum, iodine, fluoride, and selenium, but it would not be
surprising if it also contained adequate quantities of these elements.

One means to evaluate the nutritional content of pollen is to compare the
levels of dietary nutrients in good wholesome food to those in pollen. In Table
2 the quantities of I I well established and measured nutrients for two
vegetables, one fruit, two meats, and two staples are compared to pollen. Pollen
ranks number I in quantity for four of the nutrients, number 2 for another four,
and ranked lower only for vitamin C, sodium, and fat. Overall, pollen has a
higher ranking than any of the compared foods, even tomatoes and cabbage which
are considered to be classic examples of the most nutritious foods available. In
terms of protein, pollen ranked number 2, and above beef. The overall conclusion
is that pollen is a food source par excellence that is probably not exceeded by
any other food. The one caveat is that pollen is much too expensive to be
considered a primary food and, indeed, consumption of large quantities can cause
adverse effects (4). However, this does not preclude pollen from being an
excellent food supplement which can enhance the health and well-being of
individuals, especially those who otherwise might have an unbalanced diet.

Pollen or pollen products have been shown to have several beneficial
applications for human use. Pollen has been successfully used for treatment of
some cases of benign prostatitis (5,6,7,8,9) and for oral desensitization of
children who have pollen allergy (10). Pollen has been shown to be an excellent
dietary component in diets for specialty or valuable animals (see (11) for more
discussion).

2. HONEY

Honey is a supersaturated solution of sugars, mainly fructose, glucose, and
maltoselike sugars, with traces of sucrose, glucose oxidase, hydrogen peroxide,
phenolics, flavonoids, terpenes, etc. (12). The sugars make honey hygroscopic
(moisture absorbing) and viscous, and the sugar concentration plus other factors
including low pH, hydrogen peroxide, and the flavonoids, phenolics and terpenes
make honey antimicrobial or prevent microbial growth (13).

The main use of honey is as a flavorful sweetener and energy source which is
eaten with and as a component of a wide variety of foods. The sweetness is from
the sugars, particularly fructose, and flavor is created by a wide variety of
trace essences derived from plant esters, alcohols, aidehydes, and other
compounds (12). Secondary, but important, uses of honey are for the promotion of
health and well being. Some of these uses include aiding in the healing of
wounds, healing of serious skin burns, and healing gastric ulcers. The basis for
the wound and bum healing properties of honey is its antimicrobial,
moisturizing/fluid removal, and oxygen barrier properties. By keeping a wound or
bum clean and moist, and free from bacteria and the damaging effects of oxygen,
the wound can heal much more quickly than if left unaided. Modem creams and
antibiotics may help heal these types of wounds, but they often have the
disadvantages of killing tissue and causing heavy scabs and scars. The healing
properties of honey were clearly demonstrated in a study comparing honey
treatment to that of silver sulfadiazine, the standard treatment, for bum
victims. The results of the study (Table 3) clearly showed that honey treatments
resulted in a much greater sterility of the wounds, a faster rate of healing,
and a faster onset ,of healing (14). Similar results have been shown by T.
Postmes in tests with burned pigs. In these experiments, honey was shown not
only to be better than standard treatments, but also better than artificial
honey made from the sugars, but omitting the glucose oxidase, hydrogen peroxide,
flavonoids, and other minor components of honey (T. Postmes, personal
communication).

For many years, advocates have claimed that honey can help treat gastric
ulcers. With recent discoveries, an understanding of how this can occur has
emerged. Until recently the bacterial origin of gastric ulcers was unknown. Now,
the culprit is known to be the bacterium Helicobacter pylori. Some honey has
been shown to inhibit H. pylori (P.C. Molan, pers. communication) and the
flavonoid content and low pH of honey likely aid in stimulating growth and
healing.

3. PROPOLIS

Propolis is plant resin collected by bees for use in and around the hive. In
plants it is usually the sticky coating around buds that serves to protect them
from the elements of weather plus from attack by bacteria, fungi, molds and
viruses. These are properties that are useful to the bees and are enhanced by
the sticky properties of the propolis. Like pollen, propolis is a bee product
that cannot be clearly defined and varies from sample to sample. This is a
natural outcome of the collection process — propolis collecting bees will use
resins from a large variety of tree and other plant species, and these naturally
will differ in their qualitative and quantitative chemical composition.
Nevertheless, different propolis samples do share considerable similarity in
their physical and overall general chemical nature, thereby enabling a general
discussion of the properties of propolis.

Much work has been conducted on the chemistry and properties of propolis.
Hundreds of chemical compounds have been identified from propolis. The main
chemical classes present in propolis are flavonoids, phenolics, and various
aromatic compounds (Figure 1). These compounds are poorly soluble in water,
usually are soluble in alcohols, and are often poorly soluble in hydrocarbon
solvents. Propolis also contains some volatile oils, terpenes, and beeswax, but
these compounds are not believed to contribute as significantly to the chemical
properties and effects of propolis.

Flavonoids are well-known plant compounds that have antioxidant,
anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, anti-viral, and anti-inflammatory properties. Other
properties of propolis include acting as a local anesthetic, reducing spasms,
healing gastric ulcers, and strengthening capillaries. Compounds responsible for
these activities are listed in Table 4.

4. BEE VENOM

Venom is synthesized by honey bees for only one purpose: as a defensive agent
against predators, primarily large mammalian and other vertebrate predators. In
order to be of defensive value the venom must induce pain, cause damage, or have
some other pharmacological or sensory activity in the potential predator (15).
Bee venom, unlike many other insect allomones, or chemical defenses, is water
soluble, not fat soluble, and must be injected or applied to moist tissues to be
active. This water solubility is an advantage as it allows a whole new suite of
highly active defensive compounds to be used. Bee venom is composed of a
diversity of proteins, peptides, active amines, and other compounds which
possess a variety of activities (16). The major chemical components and their
primary activities are listed in Table 5. The main pain-inducing and lethal
component appears to be melittin (I 7) and this component might be responsible
for much of the activity of bee venom in apitherapy use.

Mankind has used bee venom primarily for apitherapy to treat a variety of
autoimmune diseases, with recent usage for immunotherapy of bee sting allergic
patients. The immunotherapy use will not be considered further (see (18) for
further discussion). Apitherapy has been particularly successful with
individuals suffering from rheumatoid arthritis, gout, and multiple sclerosis,
but a variety of other immune disorders including scleroderma and asthma have
been treated (T. Cherbuliez, pers. communication). The benefit of apitherapy for
treatment of arthritis has received some research attention by themedical
establishment. Cohen et al. (19) demonstrated in controlled experiments that bee
venom and local pain-inducing agents significantly improved the symptoms of
rheumatoid arthritis patients. Steigerwaldt et al. (20) reported moderate
improvement in 66% of bee venom treated patients versus only 27% improvement in
the controls. Vick et al (21) using severely arthritic dogs reported significant
improvement in mobility and activity in their cages of bee venom treated animals
compared with controls.

Some of the problems in demonstrating efficacy of bee venom treatments for
immune diseases stem from the very nature of immune disorders. Immune disorders
are characterized by “flare ups” and remissions that occur unpredictably. In
addition, immune disorders are particularly susceptible to treatment placebo
effects. These two factors combine to make clinical research trials on immune
diseases very difficult and often inconclusive. These same problems also plague
medical research concerned with evaluating established treatments. In the cases
of arthritis and multiple sclerosis, modern medicine has no cures, it simply
treats to suppress symptoms. The established treatments include use of steroids,
strong anti-inflammatory drugs, antibiotics, antimalarials, and gold salts —
drugs with serious side effects, and that often fail to deliver relief. This
frustrating situation led one researcher to comment “rheumatoid arthritis rarely
kills the patient; corticosteroids often do” (22). These problems lead this
writer to observe that apitherapy has never killed anyone and has negligible
side effects. Thus, what valid criticisms can be raised against apitherapy for
rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis?

The question arises: how does bee venom work? The answer is not clear, but we
have some hints. Bee venom has anti-inflammatory effects, it might well “shock”
the immune system which somehow might correct imbalances, it causes pain, and it
might stimulate the nervous system which, in turn, can exert influence on the
immune system. Bee venom possesses chemical components responsible for these
activities: anti-inflammatory action – mast cell degranulating peptide, apamin;
“shocks” immune system — phospholipase A2, hyaluronidase; pain-melittin;
stimulates nervous system-melittin, apamin, mast cell degranulating peptide.
Overall, bee venom appears to have the chemical properties to affect the immune
system and immune disorders, and apitherapy has been shown to work in many cases
— so all that is needed is a clearer understanding of how apitherapy works and
to convince mainstream practitioners to use apitherapy.

5. ROYAL JELLY
Royal jelly, which is sometimes called bee’s milk, is a thick creamy liquid secreted by special glands in young worker bees who serve as “nurses” to the hive.
All bee larvae are fed a small amount of royal jelly mixed with honey for the first three days of their lives.
Starting on day four, however, most of the bees are weaned from this diet and develop into worker bees. But one bee, hatched from an egg identical to the rest, is fed exclusively on royal jelly. That bee becomes the queen.
She will grow, on average, 40% larger than her fellow bees, perhaps 50% heavier, and live up to 40 or 50 times as long. And all the while, she will be producing enormous numbers of eggs, equal to more than twice her own body weight, every single day.
This phenomenon has led numerous researchers and practitioners to explore both the chemical composition and the potential therapeutic uses of royal jelly, particularly over the last several decades. Among other things, the complex substance has been found to be rich in amino acids (including the eight essential to human life), essential fatty acids, vitamins, minerals, RNA, DNA, and many other elements of clinically proven usefulness.
Other compounds in royal jelly have yet to be identified.
General use
Proponents of apitherapy (which also includes the use of other hive products, such as bee pollen, propolis, and bee venom) make many claims for the virtues of royal jelly. Among other things, it is said to increase appetite and general vigor; retard aging; boost longevity; accelerate healing; strengthen the immune system; and exhibit antibiotic and antiviral properties. Specific claims for royal jelly have been made in connection with
Parkinson’s disease and other nervous disorders; arthritis;
and reproductive and sexual functioning.
Clinical studies over the last several decades have reported evidence supporting some of these claims, including shrinking tumors in mice, reducing cholesterol levels in humans, fighting microbial and viral infections, and reducing the trembling associated with Parkinson’s disease. These accounts are case reports only, however, and not the results of controlled clinical trials.
Preparations
Royal jelly may be purchased in a freeze-dried form in capsules or tablets, sometimes combined with other bee products; it is also available as a liquid in small vials as pictured below. In addition, royal jelly may appear as an ingredient in cosmetics, skin care products Jafra cosmetics uses it in a lot of their products, and assorted ointments and salves.
Synthetic royal jelly has also been manufactured and marketed, but according to some sources, it does not produce the same effects, on either bees or human subjects, in clinical trials.

Precautions
If you are allergic to Bees it is best to avoid taking Royal Jelly in case of possible anaphylactic shock.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

6. BEESWAX

Beeswax is synthesized de novo by honey bees in four pairs of glands located
on the ventral side of the abdomen. Bees use the wax as their primary building
material for making combs for rearing their brood and for storage of honey and
pollen. Beeswax is composed of a variety of monoesters, diesters, hydroxylated
esters, hydrocarbons, and free fatty acids (Table 7). This composition
distinguishes the material as a wax rather than a fat because it is composed
mostly of esters and long chained hydrocarbons, classic wax components.
Triglycerides and diglycerides, typical of fats, are missing. The chemistry of
the beeswax components is ideal for the uses of it by both bees and man. These
components, and the wax itself, are not soluble in water (or honey), repel water
soluble materials, remain strong to temperatures of 50′ C, are reasonably
flexible, and are not readily degraded or decomposed by moisture or
microorganisms. The strength, flexibility, and waterproofing qualities of
beeswax have made it an excellent material for polishes, finishes, and waxes
that preserve, add shine, and generally enhance products coated with it. Beeswax
stability also makes it an excellent wax for addition to cosmetics and skin
products. Historically, beeswax was an excellent material for making molds for
castings; indeed, even today we have artifacts over 3000 years old that were
produced by the lost-wax process (27). Beeswax also bums with a clean flame and
produces a pleasant odor. This, plus the resistance of beeswax to degradation,
has made it ideal for use as candles. The stable, flexible, and preserving
properties of beeswax are good for use as waxes for musical instrument strings,
skis, archery, and a variety of other specialty uses. Finally, the flexibility,
safety, stability, and ability to accept colors of beeswax has made it a prime
material for modem crafts and hobbies for both children and adults.

Not mentioned in the original article is the Honeycomb, which is a combination of beeswax and honey, this is loaded with energy and nutrition, I will write a article on that in the future.

7. CONCLUSIONS

Although honey bees and humans are dramatically different, they share two
fundamental features — both are social animals, and both live in highly complex
societies. These features cause both species to maintain more or less permanent
residences, to have developed specialized behaviors, to engage in a diversity of
activities, and to need for a multitude of materials. Material properties and
uses are governed by their chemistry and vice versa. Honey bees need a stable
food supply for long-term energy and growth; people likewise need a stable food
supply. Honey bees need structural materials such beeswax and propolis to
construct their nest; people likewise have housing needs. Honey bees need
materials such as propolis and venom to defend against diseases and predators;
people have similar needs. Is it any wonder then, that since antiquity, human
beings have gone to honey bees as a chemical warehouse of materials and foods.
Honey and pollen are the ‘foods that promote health and well being in honey
bees. They have served the same function for people. Bees use wax to build their
combs and people have taken advantage of the wonderful chemical properties of
beeswax to make objects for their homes and daily lives and to coat and preserve
materials. Bees use propolis and venom to defend against microorganisms and
enemies. People also use propolis, sometimes in conjunction with honey, for its
antimicrobial properties. People use the same properties in bee venom that drive
off predators of bees to enhance human health by fighting off some of their
bodies’ own internal enemies that cause autoimmune diseases. Overall, much of
the human application of bee products can be explained on the basis of the
chemistry of the bee products. This is not to say that bee products should not
be used for purposes for which we have no chemical understanding; indeed, the
process has usually operated in reverse-first, people discovered uses for bee
products, then later came the chemical understanding of how and why the bee
products were useful. Perhaps the message from this is that we should look to
traditional uses of bee products to guide us in our investigations and to use
research to discover how best to use bee products and their components to
improve human life. But for this process to operate, individuals concerned with
bee products must be fair and honest in representing the legitimate uses and
benefits of the bee products.

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